consensus 
Papers (137)
| # | Title | |
| 1. | Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System Nakamoto, Satoshi. 2008 | |
| 2. | Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable Eyal, Ittay and Gün Sirer, Emin. 2014 | |
| 3. | A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform Buterin, Vitalik. 2014 | |
| 4. | Hyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains Androulaki, Elli and Barger, Artem and Bortnikov, Vita and Cachin, Christian and Christidis, Konstantinos and De Caro, Angelo and Enyeart, David and Ferris, Christopher and Laventman, Gennady and Manevich, Yacov and Muralidharan, Srinivasan and Murthy, Chet and Nguyen, Binh and Sethi, Manish and Singh, Gari and Smith, Keith and Sorniotti, Alessandro and Stathakopoulou, Chrysoula and Vukolić, Marko and Weed Cocco, Sharon and Yellick, Jason. 2018 | |
| 5. | The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol : Analysis and Applications Garay, Juan A and Kiayias, Aggelos and Leonardos, Nikos. 2014 | |
| 6. | Bitcoin-NG: A Scalable Blockchain Protocol Eyal, Ittay and Gencer, Adem Efe and Sirer, Emin Gün and van Renesse, Robbert. 2016 | |
| 7. | Hashcash - A Denial of Service Counter-Measure Back, Adam. 2002 | |
| 8. | The quest for scalable blockchain fabric: Proof-of-work vs. BFT replication Vukolić, Marko. 2015 | |
| 9. | On the security and performance of proof of work blockchains Gervais, Arthur and Karame, Ghassan O and W\"ust, Karl and Glykantzis, Vasileios and Ritzdorf, Hubert and Capkun, Srdjan. 2016 | |
| 10. | Algorand Chen, Jing and Micali, Silvio. 2016 | |
| 11. | Analysis of the Blockchain Protocol in Asynchronous Networks Pass, Rafael and Seeman, Lior and abhi Shelat. 2016 | |
| 12. | The Ripple protocol consensus algorithm Schwartz, D and Youngs, N and Britto, A. 2014 | |
| 13. | Optimal Selfish Mining Strategies in Bitcoin Sapirshtein, Ayelet and Sompolinsky, Yonatan and Zohar, Aviv. 2015 | |
| 14. | Blockchain consensus protocols in the wild Cachin, Christian and Vukoli\'c, Marko. 2017 | |
| 15. | The honey badger of BFT protocols Miller, Andrew and Xia, Yu and Croman, Kyle and Shi, Elaine and Song, Dawn. 2016 | |
| 16. | The Miner's Dilemma Eyal, Ittay. 2014 | |
| 17. | The stellar consensus protocol: A federated model for internet-level consensus Mazieres, David. 2015 | |
| 18. | Casper the friendly finality gadget Buterin, Vitalik and Griffith, Virgil. 2017 | |
| 19. | Inclusive block chain protocols Lewenberg, Yoad and Sompolinsky, Yonatan and Zohar, Aviv. 2015 | |
| 20. | Hybrid consensus: Efficient consensus in the permissionless model Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2017 | |
| 21. | Fruitchains: A fair blockchain Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2016 | |
| 22. | Tendermint: Byzantine fault tolerance in the age of blockchains Buchman, Ethan. 2016 | |
| 23. | Demystifying incentives in the consensus computer Luu, Loi and Teutsch, Jason and Kulkarni, Raghav and Saxena, Prateek. 2015 | |
| 24. | Consensus in the age of blockchains Bano, Shehar and Sonnino, Alberto and Al-Bassam, Mustafa and Azouvi, Sarah and McCorry, Patrick and Meiklejohn, Sarah and Danezis, George. 2017 | |
| 25. | The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol with Chains of Variable Difficulty Juan A. Garay and Aggelos Kiayias and Nikos Leonardos. 2016 | |
| 26. | Accelerating Bitcoin's Transaction Processing. Fast Money Grows on Trees, Not Chains Sompolinsky, Yonatan and Zohar, A. 2013 | |
| 27. | Verifiable Delay Functions Dan Boneh, Joseph Bonneau, Benedikt Bünz, Ben Fisch. 2018 | |
| 28. | Speed-Security Tradeoffs in Blockchain Protocols Kiayias, Aggelos and Panagiotakos, Giorgos. 2015 | |
| 29. | Thunderella: Blockchains with Optimistic Instant Confirmation Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi. 2017 | |
| 30. | Hotstuff: Bft consensus with linearity and responsiveness Yin, Maofan and Malkhi, Dahlia and Reiter, Michael K and Gueta, Guy Golan and Abraham, Ittai. 2019 | |
| 31. | Anonymous Byzantine Consensus from Moderately-Hard Puzzles: A Model for Bitcoin Miller, Andrew and Jr, Jj LaViola. 2014 | |
| 32. | DFINITY Technology Overview Series, Consensus System Hanke, Timo and Movahedi, Mahnush and Williams, Dominic. 2018 | |
| 33. | PHANTOM: A Scalable BlockDAG Protocol Yonatan Sompolinsky and Aviv Zohar. 2018 | |
| 34. | Scp: A computationally-scalable byzantine consensus protocol for blockchains Luu, Loi and Narayanan, Viswesh and Baweja, Kunal and Zheng, Chaodong and Gilbert, Seth and Saxena, Prateek. 2015 | |
| 35. | On Trees, Chains and Fast Transactions in the Blockchain Kiayias, Aggelos and Panagiotakos, Giorgos. 2016 | |
| 36. | Stake-Bleeding Attacks on Proof-of-Stake Blockchains Peter Gaži and Aggelos Kiayias and Alexander Russell. 2018 | |
| 37. | Hotstuff: Bft consensus in the lens of blockchain Yin, Maofan and Malkhi, Dahlia and Reiter, Michael K and Gueta, Guy Golan and Abraham, Ittai. 2018 | |
| 38. | Publish or Perish: A Backward-Compatible Defense against Selfish Mining in Bitcoin Zhang, Ren and Preneel, Bart. 2017 | |
| 39. | Analysis of the XRP ledger consensus protocol Chase, Brad and MacBrough, Ethan. 2018 | |
| 40. | A Better Method to Analyze Blockchain Consistency Kiffer, Lucianna and Rajaraman, Rajmohan and others. 2018 | |
| 41. | On The Longest Chain Rule and Programmed Self-Destruction of Crypto Currencies Courtois, Nicolas T. 2014 | |
| 42. | Sok: A consensus taxonomy in the blockchain era Garay, Juan and Kiayias, Aggelos. 2018 | |
| 43. | Rethinking Large-Scale Consensus Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi. 2018 | |
| 44. | Mechanising Blockchain Consensus P\^\irlea, George and Sergey, Ilya. 2018 | |
| 45. | When cryptocurrencies mine their own business Teutsch, Jason and Jain, Sanjay and Saxena, Prateek. 2016 | |
| 46. | Revisiting Difficulty Control for Blockchain Systems Meshkov, Dmitry and Chepurnoy, Alexander and Jansen, Marc. 2017 | |
| 47. | Lay down the common metrics: Evaluating proof-of-work consensus protocols’ security Zhang, Ren and Preneel, Bart. 2019 | |
| 48. | Graphene: A new protocol for block propagation using set reconciliation Ozisik, A Pinar and Andresen, Gavin and Bissias, George and Houmansadr, Amir and Levine, Brian. 2017 | |
| 49. | SPECTRE: Serialization of Proof-of-work Events: Confirming Transactions via Recursive Elections Sompolinsky, Yonatan and Lewenberg, Yoad and Zohar, Aviv. 2016 | |
| 50. | Why buy when you can rent? bribery attacks on bitcoin consensus Bonneau, Joseph and Felten, Edward W and Goldfeder, Steven and Kroll, Joshua A and Narayanan, Arvind. 2016 | |
| 51. | Agreement with Satoshi – On the Formalization of Nakamoto Consensus Nicholas Stifter and Aljosha Judmayer and Philipp Schindler and Alexei Zamyatin and Edgar Weippl. 2018 | |
| 52. | Bootstrapping the Blockchain, with Applications to Consensus and Fast PKI Setup Garay, Juan A and Kiayias, Aggelos and Leonardos, Nikos and Panagiotakos, Giorgos. 2018 | |
| 53. | Communication complexity of byzantine agreement, revisited Abraham, Ittai and Chan, TH and Dolev, Danny and Nayak, Kartik and Pass, Rafael and Ren, Ling and Shi, Elaine. 2018 | |
| 54. | Incentives in Ethereum's Hybrid Casper Protocol Buterin, Vitalik and Reijsbergen, Daniel and Leonardos, Stefanos and Piliouras, Georgios. 2019 | |
| 55. | Blockchain-Free Cryptocurrencies: A Framework for Truly Decentralised Fast Transactions Boyen, Xavier and Carr, Christopher and Haines, Thomas. 2016 | |
| 56. | Redactable blockchain in the permissionless setting Deuber, Dominic and Magri, Bernardo and Thyagarajan, Sri Aravinda Krishnan. 2019 | |
| 57. | Pay-To-Win: Incentive Attacks on Proof-of-Work Cryptocurrencies Aljosha Judmayer and Nicholas Stifter and Alexei Zamyatin and Itay Tsabary and Ittay Eyal and Peter Gazi and Sarah Meiklejohn and Edgar Weippl. 2019 | |
| 58. | State Machine Replication in the Libra Blockchain Baudet, Mathieu and Ching, Avery and Chursin, Andrey and Danezis, George and Garillot, Fran\ccois and Li, Zekun and Malkhi, Dahlia and Naor, Oded and Perelman, Dmitri and Sonnino, Alberto. 2019 | |
| 59. | Synchronous, with a Chance of Partition Tolerance. Guo, Yue and Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2019 | |
| 60. | PaLa: A Simple Partially Synchronous Blockchain Chan, TH Hubert and Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2018 | |
| 61. | On the Necessity of a Prescribed Block Validity Consensus: Analyzing Bitcoin Unlimited Mining Protocol Ren Zhang and Bart Preneel. 2017 | |
| 62. | Casper the friendly ghost: A correct by construction blockchain consensus protocol Zamfir, Vlad. 2017 | |
| 63. | Analysis of Nakamoto Consensus Ling Ren. 2019 | |
| 64. | Ouroboros-BFT: A Simple Byzantine Fault Tolerant Consensus Protocol Kiayias, Aggelos and Russell, Alexander. 2018 | |
| 65. | Correctness and fairness of tendermint-core blockchains Amoussou-Guenou, Yackolley and Del Pozzo, Antonella and Potop-Butucaru, Maria and Tucci-Piergiovanni, Sara. 2018 | |
| 66. | Betting on Blockchain Consensus with Fantomette Azouvi, Sarah and McCorry, Patrick and Meiklejohn, Sarah. 2018 | |
| 67. | Scalable and Probabilistic Leaderless BFT Consensus through Metastability Rocket, Team and Yin, Maofan and Sekniqi, Kevin and van Renesse, Robbert and Sirer, Emin G\"un. 2019 | |
| 68. | A Scalable Proof-of-Stake Blockchain in the Open Setting Fan, Lei and Zhou, Hong-Sheng and Katz, Jonathan. 2018 | |
| 69. | StrongChain: Transparent and Collaborative Proof-of-Work Consensus Szalachowski, Pawel and Reijsbergen, Dani\"el and Homoliak, Ivan and Sun, Siwei. 2019 | |
| 70. | Blockmania: from Block DAGs to Consensus Danezis, George and Hrycyszyn, David. 2018 | |
| 71. | Graphchain: a Blockchain-Free Scalable Decentralised Ledger Boyen, Xavier and Carr, Christopher and Haines, Thomas. 2018 | |
| 72. | Consensus through Herding Chan, TH Hubert and Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2019 | |
| 73. | Ouroboros Chronos: Permissionless Clock Synchronization via Proof-of-Stake Christian Badertscher and Peter Gaži and Aggelos Kiayias and Alexander Russell and Vassilis Zikas. 2019 | |
| 74. | Analysis of Deterministic Longest-Chain Protocols Shi, Elaine. 2018 | |
| 75. | Rationality is Self-Defeating in Permissionless Systems Ford, Bryan and B\"ohme, Rainer. 2019 | |
| 76. | Polygraph: Accountable Byzantine Agreement Civit, Pierre and Gilbert, Seth and Gramoli, Vincent. 2019 | |
| 77. | Pixel: Multi-signatures for Consensus Manu Drijvers and Sergey Gorbunov and Gregory Neven and Hoeteck Wee. 2019 | |
| 78. | A Nonoutsourceable Puzzle under GHOST Rule Zeng, Gongxian and Yiu, Siu Ming and Zhang, Jun and Kuzuno, Hiroki and Au, Man Ho. 2017 | |
| 79. | PiLi: An Extremely Simple Synchronous Blockchain Chan, TH Hubert and Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2018 | |
| 80. | Divide and Scale: Formalization of Distributed Ledger Sharding Protocols Avarikioti, Georgia and Kokoris-Kogias, Eleftherios and Wattenhofer, Roger. 2019 | |
| 81. | Streamlet: Textbook Streamlined Blockchains Benjamin Y Chan and Elaine Shi. 2020 | |
| 82. | Everything is a Race and Nakamoto Always Wins Amir Dembo and Sreeram Kannan and Ertem Nusret Tas and David Tse and Pramod Viswanath and Xuechao Wang and Ofer Zeitouni. 2020 | |
| 83. | Compact Storage of Superblocks for NIPoPoW Applications Kostis Karantias and Aggelos Kiayias and Nikos Leonardos and Dionysis Zindros. 2019 | |
| 84. | Afgjort: A Partially Synchronous Finality Layer for Blockchains Bernardo Magri and Christian Matt and Jesper Buus Nielsen and Daniel Tschudi. 2019 | |
| 85. | Cogsworth: Byzantine View Synchronization Naor, Oded and Baudet, Mathieu and Malkhi, Dahlia and Spiegelman, Alexander. 2019 | |
| 86. | Hydra: Fast Isomorphic State Channels Chakravarty, Manuel MT and Coretti, Sandro and Fitzi, Matthias and Gazi, Peter and Kant, Philipp and Kiayias, Aggelos and Russell, Alexander. 2020 | |
| 87. | Efficient Algorithms for Broadcast and Consensus Based on Proofs of Work Lisa Eckey and Sebastian Faust and Julian Loss. 2017 | |
| 88. | Afgjort--A Semi-Synchronous Finality Layer for Blockchains Magri, Bernardo and Matt, Christian and Nielsen, Jesper Buus and Tschudi, Daniel. 2019 | |
| 89. | Platypus: a Partially Synchronous Offchain Protocol for Blockchains Ranchal-Pedrosa, Alejandro and Gramoli, Vincent. 2019 | |
| 90. | On Profitability of Nakamoto double spend Grunspan, Cyril and P\'erez-Marco, Ricardo. 2019 | |
| 91. | Streamlined Blockchains: A Simple and Elegant Approach (A Tutorial and Survey) Elaine Shi. 2020 | |
| 92. | Order-Fairness for Byzantine Consensus Mahimna Kelkar and Fan Zhang and Steven Goldfeder and Ari Juels. 2020 | |
| 93. | The Thunder Protocol Pass, Rafael and Shi, Elaine. 2018 | |
| 94. | Digital Signatures for Consensus. Gorbunov, Sergey and Wee, Hoeteck. 2019 | |
| 95. | Consistency in Proof-of-Stake Blockchains with Concurrent Honest Slot Leaders Aggelos Kiayias and Saad Quader and Alexander Russell. 2020 | |
| 96. | Reparo: Publicly Verifiable Layer to Repair Blockchains Thyagarajan, Sri Aravinda Krishnan and Bhat, Adithya and Magri, Bernardo and Tschudi, Daniel and Kate, Aniket. 2020 | |
| 97. | Single Secret Leader Election Boneh, Dan and Eskandarian, Saba and Hanzlik, Lucjan and Greco, Nicola. 2020 | |
| 98. | Securing Proof-of-Work Ledgers via Checkpointing Dimitris Karakostas and Aggelos Kiayias. 2020 | |
| 99. | Proof of Necessary Work: Succinct State Verification with Fairness Guarantees Assimakis Kattis and Joseph Bonneau. 2020 | |
| 100. | Network-Agnostic State Machine Replication Blum, Erica and Katz, Jonathan and Loss, Julian. 2020 | |
| 101. | Expected Linear Round Synchronization: The Missing Link for Linear Byzantine SMR Naor, Oded and Keidar, Idit. 2020 | |
| 102. | Optimal Good-case Latency for Byzantine Broadcast and State Machine Replication Abraham, Ittai and Nayak, Kartik and Ren, Ling and Xiang, Zhuolun. 2020 | |
| 103. | Resource-Restricted Cryptography: Revisiting MPC Bounds in the Proof-of-Work Era Garay, Juan and Kiayias, Aggelos and Ostrovsky, Rafail M and Panagiotakos, Giorgos and Zikas, Vassilis. 2020 | |
| 104. | Toychain: Formally Verified Blockchain Consensus George P\^ırlea. 2019 | |
| 105. | The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol Against Quantum Adversaries Alexandru Cojocaru and Juan Garay and Aggelos Kiayias and Fang Song and Petros Wallden. 2019 | |
| 106. | Just Enough Security: Reducing Proof-of-Work Ecological Footprint Tsabary, Itay and Spiegelman, Alexander and Eyal, Ittay. 2019 | |
| 107. | Number of confirmation blocks for Bitcoin and GHOST consensus protocols on networks with delayed message delivery Kovalchuk, Lyudmila and Kaidalov, Dmytro and Nastenko, Andrii and Shevtsov, Oleksiy and Rodinko, Mariia and Oliynykov, Roman. 2018 | |
| 108. | LazyLedger: A Distributed Data Availability Ledger With Client-Side Smart Contracts Al-Bassam, Mustafa. 2019 | |
| 109. | Full Analysis of Nakamoto Consensus in Bounded-Delay Networks Juan Garay and Aggelos Kiayias and Nikos Leonardos. 2020 | |
| 110. | Incentives Don't Solve Blockchain's Problems Ketsdever, Shea and Fischer, Michael J. 2019 | |
| 111. | Combining GHOST and Casper Buterin, Vitalik and Hernandez, Diego and Kamphefner, Thor and Pham, Khiem and Qiao, Zhi and Ryan, Danny and Sin, Juhyeok and Wang, Ying and Zhang, Yan X. 2020 | |
| 112. | A PoR/PoS-Hybrid Blockchain: Proof of Reputation with Nakamoto Fallback Leonard Kleinrock and Rafail Ostrovsky and Vassilis Zikas. 2020 | |
| 113. | Tight Consistency Bounds for Bitcoin Peter Gaži and Aggelos Kiayias and Alexander Russell. 2020 | |
| 114. | Blockchain with Varying Number of Players T-H. Hubert Chan and Naomi Ephraim and Antonio Marcedone and Andrew Morgan and Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi. 2020 | |
| 115. | Fractal: A New Paradigm for High-Performance Proof-of-Stake Blockchains Zhou, Hong-Sheng. 2019 | |
| 116. | The Rush Dilemma: Attacking and Repairing Smart Contracts on Forking Blockchains Vincenzo Botta and Daniele Friolo and Daniele Venturi and Ivan Visconti. 2019 | |
| 117. | ABC: Asynchronous Blockchain without Consensus Sliwinski, Jakub and Wattenhofer, Roger. 2019 | |
| 118. | TULIP: A Fully Incentive Compatible Blockchain Framework Amortizing Redundant Communication Ersoy, Oguzhan and Zekeriya, Erkin and Lagendijk, Reginald L. 2019 | |
| 119. | Barracuda: The Power of $$\backslash$ell $-polling in Proof-of-Stake Blockchains Fanti, Giulia and Jiao, Jiantao and Makkuva, Ashok and Oh, Sewoong and Rana, Ranvir and Viswanath, Pramod. 2019 | |
| 120. | A Formal Analysis of Blockchain Consensus Laneve, Cosimo and Veschetti, Adele. 2019 | |
| 121. | Hydra: A Multiple Blockchain Protocol for Improving Transaction Throughput G\"undlach, Rowel and Hoepman, Jaap-Henk and van der Hofstad, Remco and Koens, Tommy and Meijer, Stijn. 2019 | |
| 122. | BackPackers: A New Network Paradigm for Secure and High-performance Blockchains Thai, Phuc D and Zhou, Hong-sheng and Katz, Jonathan and Fan, Lei and Dinh, Thang N. 2019 | |
| 123. | FastPay: High-Performance Byzantine Fault Tolerant Settlement Baudet, Mathieu and Danezis, George and Sonnino, Alberto. 2020 | |
| 124. | Plumo: Towards Scalable Interoperable Blockchains Using Ultra Light Validation Systems Gabizon, Ariel and Gurkan, Kobi and Jovanovic, Philipp and Konstantopoulos, Georgios and Oines, Asa and Olszewski, Marek and Straka, Michael and Tromer, Eran. 2020 | |
| 125. | Prism Removes Consensus Bottleneck for Smart Contracts Wang, Gerui and Wang, Shuo and Bagaria, Vivek and Tse, David and Viswanath, Pramod. 2020 | |
| 126. | Expected Constant Round Byzantine Broadcast under Dishonest Majority Jun Wan and Hanshen Xiao and Elaine Shi and Srinivas Devadas. 2020 | |
| 127. | Permissionless Consensus in the Resource Model Benjamin Terner. 2020 | |
| 128. | Rational Behavior in Committee-Based Blockchains Yackolley Amoussou-Guenou and Bruno Biais and Maria Potop-Butucaru and Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni. 2020 | |
| 129. | Leveraging Weight Functions for Optimistic Responsiveness in Blockchains Simon Holmgaard Kamp and Bernardo Magri and Christian Matt and Jesper Buus Nielsen and Søren Eller Thomsen and Daniel Tschudi. 2020 | |
| 130. | BTSO: A Blockchain Protocol Based on Reconfigurable Byzantine Consensus Abraham, Ittai and Malkhi, Dahlia and Nayak, Kartik and Rowadoski, Listovich and Spiegelman, Alexander. 2020 | |
| 131. | Virtual ASICs: Generalized Proof-of-Stake Mining in Cryptocurrencies Chaya Ganesh and Claudio Orlandi and Daniel Tschudi and Aviv Zohar. 2020 | |
| 132. | Proofs of Useless Work--Positive and Negative Results for Wasteless Mining Systems Dotan, Maya and Tochner, Saar. 2020 | |
| 133. | Formalizing Nakamoto-Style Proof of Stake Søren Eller Thomsen and Bas Spitters. 2020 | |
| 134. | UTXOma: UTXO with Multi-Asset Support Chakravarty, Manuel MT and Chapman, James and MacKenzie, Kenneth and Melkonian, Orestis and M\"uller, Jann and Jones, Michael Peyton and Vinogradova, Polina and Wadler, Philip and Zahnentferner, Joachim. 2020 | |
| 135. | Native Custom Tokens in the Extended UTXO Model Chakravarty, Manuel MT and Chapman, James and MacKenzie, Kenneth and Melkonian, Orestis and M\"uller, Jann and Jones, Michael Peyton and Vinogradova, Polina and Wadler, Philip. 2020 | |
| 136. | Foundations of DistributedConsensus and Blockchains Elaine Shi. 2020 | |
| 137. | Consensus Redux: Distributed Ledgers in the Face of Adversarial Supremacy Badertscher, Christian and Gazi, Peter and Kiayias, Aggelos and Russell, Alexander and Zikas, Vassilis. 2020 |
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